In the struggle which
freed the Netherlands from the dominating power of the Papacy and from the
cruel yoke of Spain we have another glorious chapter in the history of
Calvinism and humanity. The tortures of the Inquisition were applied here as
in few other places. The Duke of Alva boasted that within the short space of
five years he had delivered 18,600 heretics to the executioner.
"The scaffold," says
Motley, "had its daily victims, but did not make a single convert . . . There
were men who dared and suffered as much as men can dare and suffer in
this world, and for the noblest cause that can inspire humanity." He pictures
to us "the heroism with which men took each other by the hand and walked into
the flames, or with which women sang a song of triumph while the grave-digger
was shoveling the earth upon their living faces." And in another place he
says: "The number of Netherlanders who were burned, strangled, beheaded, or
buried alive, in obedience to the edicts of Charles V., and for the offence of
reading the Scriptures, of looking askance at a graven image, or ridiculing
the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in a wafer, have been
placed as high as one hundred thousand by distinguished authorities, and have
never been put at a lower mark than fifty thousand."1 During that
memorable struggle of eighty years, more Protestants were put to death for
their conscientious belief by the Spaniards than Christians suffered martyrdom
under the Roman Emperors in the first three centuries. Certainly in Holland
history crowns Calvinism as the creed of martyrs, saints and heroes.
For nearly three
generations Spain, the strongest nation in Europe at that time, labored to
stamp out Protestantism and political liberty in these Calvinistic
Netherlands, but failed. Because they sought to worship God according to the
dictates of their conscience and not under the galling chains of a corrupt
priesthood their country was invaded and the people were subjected to the
cruelest tortures the Spaniards could invent. And if it be asked who effected
the deliverance, the answer is, it was the Calvinistic Prince of Orange, known
in history as William the Silent, together with those who held the same creed.
Says Dr. Abraham Kuyper, "If the power of Satan at that time had not
been broken by the heroism of the Calvinistic spirit, the history of the
Netherlands, of Europe and of the world would have been as painfully sad and
dark as now, thanks to Calvinism, it is bright and inspiring."2
If the spirit of
Calvinism had not arisen in Western Europe following the outbreak of the
Reformation, the spirit of half-heartedness would have gained the day in
England, Scotland and Holland. Protestantism in these countries could not have
maintained itself; and, through the compromising measures of a Romanized
Protestantism, Germany would in all probability have been again brought under
the sway of the Roman Catholic Church. Had Protestantism failed in any one of
these countries it is probable that the result would have been fatal in the
others also, so intimately were their fortunes bound together. In a very real
sense the future destiny of nations was dependent on the outcome of that
struggle in the Netherlands. Had Spain been victorious in the Netherlands, it
is probable that the Catholic Church would have been so strengthened that it
would have subdued Protestantism in England also. And, even as things were, it
looked for a time as though England would be turned back to Romanism. In that
case the development of America would automatically have been prevented and in
all probability the whole American continent would have remained under the
control of Spain.
Let us remember
further that practically all of the martyrs in these various countries were
Calvinists,- the Lutheran, s and Arminians being only a handful in comparison.
As Professor Fruin justly remarks, "In Switzerland, in France, in the
Netherlands, in Scotland and in England, and wherever Protestantism has had to
establish itself at the point of the sword, it was Calvinism that gained the
day." However the fact is to be explained it is true that the Calvinists were
the only fighting Protestants.
There is also one
other service which Holland has rendered and which we must not overlook. The
Pilgrims, after being driven out of England by religious persecutions and
before their coming to America, went to Holland and there came into contact
with a religious life which from the Calvinistic point of view was beneficial
in the extreme. Their most important leaders were Clyfton, Robinson, and
Brewster, three Cambridge University men, who form as noble and heroic trio as
can be found in the history of any nation. They were staunch Calvinists
holding all the fundamental views that the Reformer of Geneva had propounded.
The American historian Bancroft is right when he simply calls the
Pilgrim-fathers, "men of the same faith with Calvin."
J. C. Monsma, in his
book, "What Calvinism Has Done For America," gives us the following summary of
their life in Holland: "When the Pilgrims left Amsterdam for Leyden, the Rev.
Clyfton, their chief leader, decided to stay where he was, and so the Rev.
John Robinson, Clyfton's chief assistant hitherto," was elected leader, or
pastor by the people. Robinson was a convinced Calvinist and opposed the
teachings of Arminius whenever opportunity was afforded him. "We have the
indisputable testimony of Edward Winslow, that Robinson, at the time when
Arminian-ism was fast gaining ground in Holland, was asked by Poly-ander,
Festus Homilus, and other Dutch theologians, to take part in the disputes with
Episcopius, the new leader of the Arminians, which were daily held in the
academy at Leyden. Robinson complied with their request and was soon looked
upon as one of the greatest of Gomarian theologians. In 1624 the Pilgrim
pastor wrote a masterful treatise, entitled, "A Defense of the Doctrine
Propounded by the Synod of Dort, etc.' As the Synod of Dordrecht, of
international fame was characterized by a strict Calvinism in all its
decisions, no more need be said of Robinson's religious tendencies.
"The Pilgrims were
perfectly at one with the Reformed (Calvinistic) churches in the Netherlands
and elsewhere. In his Apology, published in 1619, one year before the Pilgrims
left Holland, Robinson wrote in a most solemn way, 'We do profess before God
and men that such is our accord, in case of religion, with the Dutch Reformed
Churches, as that we are ready to subscribe to all and every article of faith
in the same Church, as they are laid down in the Harmony of Confessions of
Faith, published in that name.'" (p. 72, 73.)
Footnotes:
1Rise of
the Dutch Republic, I., p. 114.
2Lectures on Calvinism, p. 44.
